Hydraulic Modelling Of Baffle Configuration On The Removal Efficiency Of A Rectangular Oil Water Separation Tank

buangan lemak, minyak dan gris ke dalam sistem retikulasi menyebabkan penyumbatan saluran paip dan limpahan pembentungan pembersihan. Rekabentuk tangki pemisahan minyak/air berdasarkan graviti digunakan dengan meluas di dalam unit rawatan. Pengunaan sesekat di dalam tangki pemisahan dan penilaian kesannya keatas kecekapan hidraulik adalah suatu bidang yang mencabar yang dijalankan oleh penyelidik. Kajian ini melibatkan penilaian kesan lokasi sesekat hujung, lokasi sesekat masuk, ketinggian sesekat masuk dan sudut pemasangan sesekat masuk ke atas corak aliran dan kecekapan penyingkiran tangki pemisah minyak/air menggunakan ujian makmal dan penyelakuan berangka. Meterhalaju Akustik Doppler (ADV) digunakan untuk mengukur medan halaju di dalam tangki pemisahan minyak/air di dalam makmal dengan tatarajah sesekat yang berlainan jenis untuk menentukan susuk halaju. Ujian makmal dijalankan untuk mengukur kecekapan penyingkiran tangki pemisahan minyak/air dengan berlainan tatarajah sesekat masuk. Penyelakuan berangka termasuk corak aliran dan ciri-ciri hidraulik tangki pemisahan minyak/air dengan tatarajah sesekat yang berlainan dijalankan untuk menentukan lokasi sesekat hujung dan sesekat masuk, ketinggian sesekat masuk dan sudut sesekat masuk. Hasil keputusan ujian makmal dan penyelakuan berangka menunjukan, lokasi sesekat hujung de/L = 0.76, lokasi sesekat masuk di/L = 0.12, nisbah ketinggian tenggelam sesekat masuk Hib/H = 0.24, dan sudut sesekat masuk 90o, mencapai xxi kecekapan penyingkiran yang maksima. Tatarajah sesekat tersebut menyebabkan isipadu zon sirkulasi dan tenaga kinetik yang minima, keseragaman susuk halaju yang tinggi, muka itu kecekapan penyingkiran yang tinggi di dalam tangki pemisahan minyak/air. Rumus untuk menentukan kecekapan penyingkiran berdasarkan lokasi sesekat masuk diperolehi daripada keputusan ujian makmal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The particular release of fat, oil, and grease (FOG) into collection systems ultimately brings about the blockage of conduits and subsequent sanitary sewer overflows . Designing oil and water rectangular separation tank due to gravitation is extensively applied in treatment units. Using baffles in separation tanks and measuring its effects on hydraulic efficiency is a challenging subject that researchers have investigated. In this study, the effects of end baffle location, inlet baffle location, inlet baffle height, and inlet baffle angle installation on the flow pattern and removal efficiency of oil/water separation tanks are investigated using experimental test and numerical simulation. The velocity field in the laboratory separation tank with various types of baffles configuration was measured by Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) to determine the velocity profile. In addition, experimental tests are conducted to measure the removal efficiency of separation tanks equipped at different inlet baffle. Numerical simulation, including the modelling of flow pattern and hydraulic characteristics of separation tanks with different baffle configurations, was performed to determine the best end and inlet baffle location, height of inlet baffle and angle of inlet baffle. Based on the results of experimental tests and numerical models, end baffles location de/L=0.76, with an inlet baffle position di/L=0.12, inlet baffle submersible depth ratio Hib/H= 0.24, and inlet baffle angle installed at 900, achieve the highest removal efficiency. This configuration produced minimum circulation zone volume and kinetic energy, the most uniform velocity profiles, and thus highest removal efficiency in the separation tank. Finally a formula to determine the removal efficiency as a function of inlet baffle location is obtained from laboratory test results

Determination of the Size Distribution of Charged Nanoparticles via Capillary Electrophoresis under Variation of Counter-Ion Type and Concentration

In the current study, three different types of NPs were used with varied size, namely, Ludox silica nanoparticles (SNP), polystyrene sulfate latex nanoparticles (PSSL) and cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoparticles (CoOOH-NPs). SNPs with three different size distributions have the nominal particle diameters 7, 12 and 22 nm. PSSLs with four different size distributions have the mean particle diameters 21, 41, 63 and 80 nm. CoOOH-NPs have a mean domain size of 3.7-4.5 nm. While SNPs and PSSLs are negatively charged in alkaline dispersion medium. COOH-NPs were dispersed in acidic medium having a positively charged surface. This study focuses on considering the influence of the variation of the counterion type and its concentration on the determination of the particle size distribution (PSD) of charged nanoparticles using capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE provides a suitable method to measure the size of NPs through converting electropherograms into a PSD. This approach is based on an exact determination of the electrokinetic potential ζ by measuring the electrophoretic mobility in an electrolyte of known composition, in combination with a second independent method that determines the mean particle radius such as TEM or Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA). TDA measurements were used to determine the mean collective diffusion coefficient and the mean hydrodynamic radius via Stokes-Einstein equation. Later, these values of the mean hydrodynamic radius were used in the calculation of the calibration functions to obtain PSDs for the three types of NPs under this study. In addition, preliminary investigations and UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements were made for CoOOH-NPs in an aqueous solution of a monoprotic acid with varied type of anion as counterion. Results obtained show that the continuous decrease in the colour intensity and the absorbance at band maximum for CoOOH-NPs dispersions are independent of the type of anion. For electrophoretic mobility measurements, two series of SNPs were used with varied sizes with different counterion types, namely: Li+, Na+, K+, and guanidinium (Gdm+) with varied ionic strength ( I = 20-120 mmol L-1) at 25 oC. For PSSL with varied sizes, electrophoretic mobility measurements were made with Na+ as counterion in the ionic strength range 10-50 mmol L-1 and with Li+, Na+ and Gdm+ as counterion in the ionic strength range 40-120 mmol L-1, at 20 oC. In the case of CoOOH-NPs, the electrophoretic mobility measurements were made in acidic solution of pH 2 at 25 oC using different methods for coating of the inner capillary wall, because these NPs have a positive charge on their surface. Also, the influence of parameters such as injection parameters, applied electric field strength and concentration of CoOOH-NPs in the sample were investigated. In all investigations, the electrophoretic mobilities for NPs are dependent on the type of counterion, which can be attributed to Hofmeister effects also called the specific ion effects. The modification proposed by Pyell et al. based on an analytic approximation introduced by Ohshima, was used to estimate the electrokinetic potential ζ for all NP types. For the determination of ζ from the obtained electrophoretic mobility, the procedure takes the limiting equivalent conductance of the counterion or its ionic drag coefficient into account neglecting the limiting equivalent conductance or ionic drag coefficient of the co-ion. Results for |ζ | follow the order Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Gdm+ for SNPs and the order Li+ > Na+ > Gdm+ for PSSLs, whereas for CoOOH-NPs there is a decrease in ζ in the order NO3¯ > Cl¯ > CH3SO3¯. This dependence of |ζ| on the type of the counterion is also reflected by the determined values for the electrokinetic surface charge densities |ζ|. Finally, size distributions of NPs were obtained from using the method developed by Pyell and Pyell et al. Electropherograms are converted directly into size distribution functions. The results of using the developed method for SNPs are reliable independent of the type of counterion. There is a good agreement with the results from using TEM analysis for the dispersion (width), which indirectly confirms the validity of the theoretical approach for the calculation of ζ from electrokinetic data and the mean particle size. There are advantages of using Li+ or Na+ compared to the use of K+ or Gdm+ as counterion with regard to preventing particle aggregation and peak distortion via the stabilizing effect due to higher |ζ | and higher |ζ|. In addition, there is a positive impact of the higher ionic drag coefficients on the size-selectivity of the method. For PSSLs, results show acceptable values for the width produced from using the developed method within expected experimental errors. High electrophoretic mobility values and corresponding calibration functions result in very large errors with considerable uncertainty if ζ > 60. However, for CoOOH-NPs the value calculated from the moment analysis for the dispersion is excessively large, which might be due to adsorption effects that influence the estimation of ζ and the corresponding calibration functions. In addition, because of the small mean domain size of the CoOOH-NPs and the use of a low ionic strength electrolyte there is a very small value for ka (ka >> 1). Hence, for CoOOH-NPs the results obtained show the limitations of the investigated approach in the case of this very low reduced radius

Mitigating orbital debris in LEO with high power pulsed laser

There is a large amount of space debris in the size range of 1 to 10 cm that is orbiting the Earth at a very high velocity which could do tremendous damage to any space mission if it were to collide. This orbital debris has been generated from collision events between objects and fragmentations of objects in Earth orbits. The problem is that the amount of space debris is increasing exponentially with every major collision in space. To limit the probability of this happening, the rate of growth of space debris in orbit is being reduced through various design techniques employed in new space missions. However, the orbital debris already in space will require to be mitigated as well because in some of the bands, such as Low Earth Orbit (LEO), the density of space debris is very high. It is posing a threat to any operational satellite in orbit and the safety of spacecraft flights LEO is rather urgent. The technique of using high power pulsed lasers on the ground has been viewed as the most feasible method to mitigate small space junk in the LEO band. It is one of the most viable solutions to mitigate the existing space debris in LEO. However, in order to design an effective orbital debris removal technique, the first logical step would be to gather as much information as possible on space debris that is known to exist within the orbital band of interest, like the two-line element of the space debris and its materials. This will help assess the design of the laser beam system and help give a more accurate picture of this de-orbiting strategy. The objective of this poster is to provide a summary of the developed novel techniques for this de-orbiting model. It also presents the calculation and simulation of the required power that is necessary for the laser beam in order to slow down the orbital velocity of the space debris and also reduce its perigee. Reducing the space debris altitude by the amount necessary will significantly reduce its lifetime in Earth orbit and eventually cause it to re-enter the atmosphere where it will burn up

LEO space debris mitigation using laser ablation

Since the first spacecraft was launched in 1957 a great number of spacecraft have been put into orbit and a significant fraction of these are still orbiting the Earth as inert vehicles or space debris. Major collision events between large satellites in Earth orbits have broken-up spacecraft systems for about half century; this has created a massive quantity of space junk – most of which are small particles. The number and quantity of debris items is increasing and as a result the probability of catastrophic collisions is growing progressively. Objects in space, whatever their size, are potentially hazardous and can cause considerable damage, which may disable a space system and producing numerous secondary fragments as a result. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) requires particular attention because this band contains large masses of material orbiting at high relative velocities, up to 14 km/s. At this hypervelocity, even small debris, 5-10 cm, can produce extensive damage to any operation satellite and destroy any small satellites. Collision with smaller debris, 1-5 cm, could disable any space system. Therefore, our space assets in LEO are threatened by this large quantity of space junk, which may lead to collision cascading in the future. Small orbital debris stays in LEO for a very long time (100s years) before re-entering the atmosphere, so it poses a great threat to any operational spacecraft. However, the debris lifetime can be reduced significantly by slowing the debris velocity slightly and lowering its perigee. This can be achieved by using the unique property of laser propulsion to generate thrust remotely on the orbital debris by beaming the necessary power from the ground. So, this paper assesses and simulates the engagement of laser beam pulses with space debris. It also calculates and simulates the required time and number of interactions for de-orbit and also simulates the required change in orbital velocity (∆V) of the debris to lower its altitude and cause it to change orbit and eventually fall into the upper atmosphere, where it will burn up. In conclusion, space debris mitigation is now essential to protect existing space systems and maintain the sustainable use of outer space. That is why the space debris problem is now a very significant environmental issue. As this technique does not require launching space vehicles, we believe that this clearing strategy is an achievable and cost effective method to deflect and mitigate the effect of space debris

Social Aspects in Social Media: Code Switching and Code Mixing In Twitter

This study investigated if there was code mixing or code switching in one hundred tweets (from April 8th to May 15th ) of eighty participants had an active accounts on twitter  and if age ,gender , and education had any role in affecting the participants language. In this research the researcher divided the participants into three groups regarding to their age , gender and educational level . Then analyzed their tweets referring to the existence  of  code mixing or code switching. According to that the study revealed that age and education could firmly affect the participant language while gender couldn`t . Key words : code mixing , code switching, twitter, tweet

Active Debris Removal Mapping Project

Space debris discussions initiated with the start of the space age 55 years ago and have seen special interest in current years. This is due to the large increase in the number of space debris which has led to an increased threat of collision with operational space systems and of unsafe reentry. Due to this increased interest in this area, many different methods have been proposed in recent years for mitigation and space debris removal, some of which have even secured funding from space agencies for further development. These include ground based lasers and space based systems which use electro-dynamic tethers, solar sails or inflatable components. While each method has its own pros and cons, some of these concepts seem to be more suitable for the short term and others for the long term. This paper identifies major performance measures for space debris removal systems based on current rules and regulations and maps the performance of the ADR technologies based on these criteria. The map can help prioritize removal concepts and required technologies in order to better meet current needs

EVALUATING SHEAR STRENGTH OF SAND- GGBFS BASED GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIAL

Geopolymer has been emerging as a novel and sustainable replacement for the traditional soil improvement materials, such as ordinary Portland cement OPC and lime, which have severe environmental impacts. In this paper, a series of unconfined compression and triaxial tests were conducted on sand and sand - ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) based geopolymer. A solution of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide was employed for the geopolymerization process. Results revealed that adding the GGBFS resulted in a significant increase in the strength properties. This result indicates that geopolymer acted as a cementation agent, providing better bonding between the sand particles and consequently improving the performance of the treated sand

The Role of Engineering Insurance in Completing Projects by Using Bank Loans:An Applied Study in a Sample of Iraqi Insurance Companies and Banks

Purpose: The aim of the study is to know the reasons for the discontinuation of engi-neering insurance in Iraqi insurance companies, and how to reactivate engineering insurance in project management and the benefits that bank loans can achieve to Ira-qi insurance companies.   Theoretical framework: The theoretical aspect included the definition of engineer-ing insurance, its origins and types, the concept and characteristics of project man-agement and bank loans and their types, as well as a statement of the role of engi-neering insurance in project management and the advantages of using bank loans in activating engineering insurance.   Design/ Methodology/ Approach: The study relied on the analytical descriptive approach by using the questionnaire tool to measure the relationship between the research variables. Three government companies and a group of Iraqi banks were se-lected.   Findings: The study found the correlative and influencing relationship with the di-mensions of bank loans in activating the engineering insurance through the interpre-tation of the statistical results of the questionnaire data directed to workers in the Iraqi insurance companies.   Research, practical and social implications: Spreading awareness about the im-portance of engineering insurance in encouraging investment for productive and vi-tal projects, reducing the effects of risks associated with projects, and facilitating pro-cedures for obtaining bank loans.   Originality/ Value: The value of the study is to measure the relationship between the engineering insurance variable and the bank loan variable. This study has not been previously addressed by insurance companies and Iraqi banks

Classifying Web 2.0 Supported Applications By Pattern Of Usage: Functional & Technical ISSUES

The rapid evolution of Internet technologies have witnessed new Web elements, such as blogs, wikis, social networking, social bookmarking, and other related applications referred to as Web 2.0. Web 1.0 paradigm was related with passive, just receptive users, whereas Web 2.0 paradigm relies mainly on user participation and user-generated content. In Web 2.0 applications users are invited to comment, share, edit, classify, as well as remix data from multiple sources. Although there are several Web 2.0 applications in the market there is still lack of a profound approach guiding the analysis, design and development of such applications. This paper suggests classifying Web 2.0 tools by “Pattern of Usage” or in other words the functionalities that characterize their specific features. By reviewing several literatures we extracted multiple attributes related to functionalities of Web 2.0 tools. These have been crystallised into 7 patterns of usage that include; Inter-connectivity, Content authoring, Content tagging & rating, Content aggregation & syndication, Content remixing, Content streaming and File sharing. By interlinking functionality/ usage with underlying technologies, techniques and architecture we provided insight into design and technical requirements for Web 2.0 supported applications. Furthermore we broke down the patterns into basic, elementary to include Inter-connectivity, File sharing and Content remixing, and secondary, supportive to include the other four patterns. This would provide the technical core for any development methodology targeted at Web 2.0 applications

REVIEW ON DETECTION OF RICE PLANT LEAVES DISEASES USING DATA AUGMENTATION AND TRANSFER LEARNING TECHNIQUES

The most important cereal crop in the world is rice (Oryza sativa). Over half of the world's population uses it as a staple food and energy source. Abiotic and biotic factors such as precipitation, soil fertility, temperature, pests, bacteria, and viruses, among others, impact the yield production and quality of rice grain. Farmers spend a lot of time and money managing diseases, and they do so using a bankrupt "eye" method that leads to unsanitary farming practices. The development of agricultural technology is greatly conducive to the automatic detection of pathogenic organisms in the leaves of rice plants. Several deep learning algorithms are discussed, and processors for computer vision problems such as image classification, object segmentation, and image analysis are discussed. The paper showed many methods for detecting, characterizing, estimating, and using diseases in a range of crops. The methods of increasing the number of images in the data set were shown. Two methods were presented, the first is traditional reinforcement methods, and the second is generative adversarial networks. And many of the advantages have been demonstrated in the research paper for the work that has been done in the field of deep learning